Bipolar disorder (BD) is a condition characterized by episodes of low mood (depression) or elated mood (mania), separated by periods of normal mood and functioning. Mania is marked by inflated self-esteem; and elated, euphoric, or grandiose mood; increased activity, and a decreased need for sleep. Episodes of mania or depression can last from a few weeks to several months and are frequently severe enough to affect day-to-day functioning at work and at home. Men tend to have more bouts of mania; women have more episodes of depression. Bipolar disorder has also been called manic-depression illness.
Bipolar disorder typically begins between ages 20 and 30, though it can start at any age. For most patients, the condition is recurring. The rate of this "cycling" varies among individuals. Fortunately, although bipolar disorder can be a lifelong condition, treatment helps the majority of patients to have less frequent and less severe episodes.
CAUSES
Genetics play a primary role in the development of bipolar disorder. If you have a family history of bipolar disorder, there is a greater chance that you will be vulnerable to it.
Recurrent manic episodes may be caused by sleep deprivation or antidepressant drug therapy.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Feelings of irritability, grandeur, and inflated self-esteem.
- Diminished need for sleep.
- Being extremely talkative.
- Sensing that thoughts and ideas are racing.
- Being easily distracted.
- Excessive involvement in high/risk activities that are likely to have painful consequences.
- Increased sex drive.
TREATMENT
Lithium and divalproex sodium are the treatments of choice for mania. Carbamazepine is also effective. Beneficial effects appear in 2 to 6 weeks. Because of the slow therapeutic response to these medications, antipsychotic medications may be administered for treatment of severe mania. Severe mania episodes may need to be treated in the hospital. Depressive episodes are typically treated with antidepressant drugs, psychotherapy, or both.